Background: Boswellia serrata has been known for many decades and mentioned in the ancient Ayurvedic texts. Many previous studies have demonstrated its role in depression and anxiety in animal models. Objectives: The present study is carried out to evaluate the effect of Boswellia serrata on neurotransmitter levels of Swiss albino mice by spectrophotometer. Methods: Eighteen (n=18) Swiss albino male mice were procured for this study. All mice were divided into three groups of six mice in each. The first group of mice (control) received normal saline (10 mg/kg),the second group (standard) received imipramine (10 mg/kg), and the third group (test) received Boswellia serrata (100 mg/kg) orally for 21 days. On the 22nd day, all mice were sacrificed as per CPCSEA (Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals) guidelines. The mice brains were dissected, and their brain tissue was collected and stored in a preservative. The mice brain tissue was centrifuged, and samples were used for the estimation of serotonin (5-HT), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), dopamine, Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), and glutamate levels by spectrophotometry. Results: The levels of neurotransmitters are expressed in Mean±, SE. Analysis of results was done by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey Kramer tests. The statistical tests revealed that imipraminetreated mice have significantly increased the levels of AChE, GABA, and glutamate when compared to control (P<0. 05). However, imipramine treated group showed statistically significant lower levels of 5-HT and dopamine levels when compared to the control (P<0. 05). Similarly, the test drug Boswellia serrata-treated group had significantly higher levels of 5-HT, AChE, GABA, and glutamate when compared to the control group (P<0. 05) and lower levels of dopamine when compared to the control (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The present study establishes the role of Boswellia serrata in various psychiatric disorders like depression and anxiety in animal models by modulating multiple neurotransmitters in the brain.

Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among clients referred to primary care and general practitioners. Given that the main core of treatment in these patients is medication, these psychiatric drugs can cause long-term complications such as a decrease or increase in blood glucose and lipid. In this review study, the effects of these drugs on blood glucose and lipid in Iran have been addressed. It should be noted that blood glucose and lipid levels can be affected by several factors including environmental factors, geography, race, ethnicity, and even skin color. Moreover, many relevant studies approved the relationships among these variables repeatedly. In this review study, international databases of Web of Knowledge, ISI, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and Noormags databases (as national ones) were searched up to the end of 2019. Finally, eight studies out of 30 were investigated. The Total number of subjects studied in this study was 824 in 8 articles, which included six clinical trials, one descriptive study, and one case-control study. In general, in the present review study, most studies indicate the increasing effect of serotonin-dopamine antagonist antipsychotics on blood glucose (so clozapine and then risperidone, from this drug class, have a greater effect on the development of this complication), as well as the effects of dopamine antagonist antipsychotics on lipid profile in patients. Comparing clomipramine and fluoxetine, clomipramine increased blood glucose and lipids, but fluoxetine did not have these complications.

Introduction: Antidepressant drugs are the most commonly prescribed classes of pharmacologic agents in the public. The drugs have been shown to have a role in the regulation of bone cell function and as a result affecting the orthodontic tooth movements. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Amitriptyline and Sertraline on the tooth movement, root resorption and alveolar bone remodeling after load application in dogs. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 9 male dogs were randomly divided into three groups, first group sertraline, second group Amitriptyline and the control group (normal saline). A nickel titanium spring (200 gr) was used between second premolar and canine after 1st premolar extraction. After 2 months, the reduction of distance between 2nd premolar and canine was measured. The percentages of root resorption and bone formation were determined. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis at significance level of 0. 05. Results: In the three groups of amitriptyline, sertraline and control, the mean of teeth movement (p value = 0. 483), external root resorption (p value = 0. 608), total bone mineral density (p value = 0. 078), bone formation percentage (p value = 0. 616) and immature and lamellar bone formation (p value = 0. 083), there was no statistical difference in any group and in premolar teeth Conclusion: The rate of tooth movement and the percentages of bone formation and root resorption in dogs decreased with systemic administration of amitriptyline and sertraline; although this reduction was not statistically significant in comparison with control group.

Drug interactions happen when two or more drugs are administered at the same time. It is known by changing therapeutic effect of drug or drug poisoning. In this research drug interactions of anti-depressant drugs in Anzali in 2000 were evaluated.This descriptive study was conducted on 13692 regular, randomly sampled insured prescriptions. Drug interactions were studied based on the ratings of Drug Interaction Facts book.21.9% of prescriptions had at least one anti-depressant drug (61.2% in women and 38.8% in men). Drug interaction was observed in 22.4% of prescriptions and type of interaction from first degree to fifth was 14.86, 33.95, 13.49, 17.98 and 19.72 percent respectively. Psychologists and neurologists (42.1%), other specialists (21.9%) and general physicians (36%) prescribed these prescriptions. The most drug interaction was observed in other specialists prescriptions. The mean number of drugs were 3.48 1.13 in prescriptions. Excessive prevalence of anti-depressants and drug interactions in these prescriptions emphasize the correct teaching of practical pharmacology.

Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder, which has been shown to affect 2-3. 5% of people, during their lifetimes. Identification of familial more homogenous characteristics of OCD may help to define relevant subtypes and increase the power of genetic and neurobiological studies of OCD. Case Presentation: This case report describes an adult woman suffering from symptoms of energy loss, insomnia, lack of appetite, and depressed mood. The patient history was positive for counting coercion. The patient’ s genogram revealed counting coercion in three generations of her family. Conclusions: This case highlights the issue whether counting can be a distinctive feature among inflicted and not inflicted individuals, such as hoarding. Also, it is still unclear what is it really transferred; the vulnerability to disease, which is transferred among three generations, or the symptoms of counting itself, by genes. Further studies are required to answer the debates on this issue.

Background and objectives: Earlier researches have exhibited the antioxidant, antinociceptive, and antiepileptic effects of Ferula gummosa. Considering that antioxidants play a key role in the pathogenesis of depression, the antidepressant potential of the F. gummosa essential oil was assessed by using a mouse models. Methods: Lorke’, s method was used to access the acute toxicity of the F. gummosa essential oil. The F. gummosa essential oil (5-40 mg/kg), standard agents, and vehicle were administered to animals. The forced-swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and open-field test (OFT) were used for the evaluation of depression. Results: The F. gummosa essential oil LD50 was found to be 316. 22 mg/Kg b. w. β,-Pinene, α,-pinene, guaiol, δ,-3-carene, bulnesol, α,-Bisabolol, and β,-myrcene were the major components of the F. gummosa essential oil, respectively. In both FST and TST, 10-40 mg/kg of the essential oil decreased the duration of immobility. Furthermore, 10-40mg/kg of the F. gummosa essential oil enhanced the duration of swimming with no significant effect on the duration of climbing in FST. The F. gummosa essential oil did not change the animal locomotion in the OFT. Conclusion: According to the results, the F. gummosa essential oil showed antidepressant activity similar to fluoxetine which may have a potential clinical value for the treatment of depression.

Developing the characteristics of "organizational development agents" and promoting them is one of the topics that has been less studied in the field of management, and media organizations have not been exempted from it. The present qualitative research aims to clarify and conceptualize "organizational development agents" and their role in facilitating transformation and change in the IRIB using the application of content analysis and the Delphi approach., face validity was determined based on the application of experts' opinions. Research reliability was determined through consensus of participants and providing staged feedback. The results show that the personal development program, legality, and organizational commitment are among the most important providers of the need for organizational transformation, and the enhancers of the organizational transformation process, including the support of the guardians and supporters of the transformation, meritocracy, dedication to work, creating a discourse of transformation, and succession planning, are compared to the limiters of the organizational transformation process, including invalid recruitment and selection, lack of transformational thinking in managers, incompetence, anti-elitist behavior, lack of commitment and organizational belonging, lack of support and reinforcement of the organization's managers, and organizational indifference in the IRIB.

Objective(s): Enhancing clomipramine anti-depressive effect using a nanoformulation and investigating its effect via different routes of administration (oral and intranasal) in a depression rat model. Polyelectrolytes nanocomplexes (NC) were prepared by an all-aqueous technique and were composed of different ratios of chitosan (CS) and gum arabic (GA). Materials and Methods: Ciprofloxacin (CPX) was administered orally to adult male Wistar albino rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 14 days to induce depression. Clomipramine HCl solution and the drug-loaded nano complexes (NC) were administrated for 14 days via the oral route (50 mg/kg) and intranasal route (500 µg/kg). Results: All the prepared drug-loaded nano-complexes (NC) were uniformly distributed (PDI ˂0. 2), NC1 (composed of CS: GA 1: 1) attained the smallest particle size (200. 30 ± 26. 07nm) and the most sustained release profile (Mean Release Time= 96. 02± 8. 36 min. ) and has a spherical outline as detected by transmission electron microscope. Treatment with clomipramine-loaded NC via oral and intranasal routes elevated swimming time, serotonin (5-HT), excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) brain contents, decreased brain content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO), and ameliorated nuclear pyknosis and degeneration of neurons compared to CPX and clomipramine solution. Clomipramine-loaded NC via intranasal routes returned the brain content of 5-HT and EAAT 2 to its normal level and has effect superior than oral route. Conclusion: Clomipramine-loaded NC administered via intranasal route showed an enhanced effect and a higher antidepressant activity than the traditional oral route through alleviating CPX neurological toxicity.